1. Inside the Battery

Lithium batteries move ions back and forth between two sides. At room temperature, these ions can travel easily through the liquid inside the battery. In freezing conditions, though, the ions slow down a lot, almost like they are “stuck in place.”

This slowdown happens because chemical reactions depend heavily on temperature. When the temperature drops, the reactions that let the battery release energy become slower and less effective.

The liquid inside the battery, called the electrolyte, also changes in the cold. Normally it is thin, like water, and ions can move through it quickly. But at low temperatures, it becomes thick and sticky, which makes ion movement harder and reduces battery power.

On top of that, the liquid’s ability to carry electricity, called conductivity, goes down in the cold. With weaker conductivity, the battery cannot deliver the same amount of energy, so the car’s driving range shrinks.

2. Battery Management System (BMS)

The BMS is like the brain of the battery. It protects the battery from damage and keeps it safe. In cold conditions, it may cut down the amount of power the battery is allowed to give out.

This limit is important because pulling too much current from a cold battery can create tiny spikes of metal called lithium dendrites. These can grow inside the battery, poke through layers, and even cause short circuits. By lowering the current, the BMS helps avoid damage, but the car loses some power and range.

3. The Outside Environment

Cold weather doesn’t just affect the battery itself. Drivers also turn on seat heaters, defrosters, and cabin heating. These systems pull extra electricity from the battery and eat into the car’s range.

For example, most cars heat the cabin with a PTC heater. This type of heater uses a lot of energy, so in winter, the car needs much more power than it does in summer.

Wiltson Energy’s Answer

At Wiltson Energy, we focus on making batteries that keep working even in the cold. Our lithium battery low temperature technology is built to improve ion movement, reduce liquid resistance, and make sure the BMS protects without cutting too much power. With these upgrades, our batteries stay safe and reliable while helping cars go farther in freezing weather.