I. Physical Characteristics

1. Standard Dimensions

• Diameter: 26mm, Height: 65mm (larger than the common 18650 cell)

• Typical weight: 80–100g, roughly one-third the weight of an equivalent lead-acid battery

2. Structural Design

• Steel cylindrical shell with compressive strength over 300 kgf

• Built-in safety valve that releases pressure under extreme conditions to prevent explosion

II. Electrical Performance

1. Voltage Characteristics

• Nominal voltage: 3.2V

• Full charge voltage: 3.65V

• Cut-off voltage: 2.5V

• Stable discharge curve—about 90% of capacity delivered between 3.2V and 3.3V

2. Capacity Range

• Standard capacity: 3000–4000mAh

• High-capacity models: up to 5000mAh (for energy storage applications)

3. Discharge Capability

• Standard models: continuous discharge at 1C (e.g., 3500mAh → 3.5A continuous)

• Power models: support 3–5C continuous discharge and 10–15A peak current

III. Safety Features

1. Thermal Stability

• Withstands temperatures up to 300°C (compared to ~200°C for NCM lithium batteries)

• No fire or explosion in nail penetration or compression tests

2. Chemical Stability

• Cobalt-free composition with a high electrolyte decomposition temperature

• When overcharged to 5V, only minor gas generation and swelling occur — no thermal runaway

IV. Cycle Life

1. Charge-Discharge Cycles

• Over 2000 cycles at 80% DOD (capacity retention >80%)

• Up to 5000 cycles under 50% DOD shallow cycling

2. Calendar Life

• 8–10 years at room temperature

• Over 5 years of reliable performance even at 45°C

V. Temperature Adaptability

1. Operating Temperature Range

• Charging: 0–45°C (optimal 20–30°C)

• Discharging: -20–60°C (still delivers ~70% capacity at -10°C)

2. Low-Temperature Performance

• With a special electrolyte formulation, it can operate down to -40°C

• Low self-heating rate, ideal for outdoor, cold-climate, and remote applications

VI. Typical Applications

Energy Storage Systems

• Solar street light batteries

• Residential energy storage systems

Power Tools

• Replacement for traditional NiCd cells

• High-rate models used in drills, grinders, and other cordless tools

Special Equipment

• Mining lamps and emergency backup power

• Military and communication devices

VII. Key Selection Tips

1. Differentiate Between Standard and Power Types

• Power type: lower internal resistance (<15mΩ), suitable for high-rate discharge

• Standard type: better suited for low-current and long-duration applications

2. Match Charger Specifications

• Use a LiFePO4-specific charger or IC

• CC-CV charging mode, cut-off voltage 3.65V

3. Battery Pack Configuration

• Always use a balancing protection board (BMS)

• Active balancing systems are recommended to extend battery lifespan and ensure consistency